Mini Project

CONTENTS 1| ABSTRACT| | 2| ABBREVIATION| | 3| INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC| 4| 4| HISTORY| 7| 5| CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS| 10| 6| WORING ON CNC MACHINES| | 7| BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING| 16| 8| TYPES OF CNC MACHINES| 18| 9| PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES| 20| 10| DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC| 35| 11| APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINES| 49| 12| ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC| 51| 13| CONCLUSION| 52| LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO 1| Hydrotel Milling Machine| 5| 2| Chiron CNC Machine| 5| 3| CNC Lathe Machine| 6| | CNC elements block diagram| 10 | 5| Point to Point tool path| 11| 6| Contour Tool Path| 12| 7| Continuous path tool movements| 18| 8| Continuous path controllers| 19| 9 | Schematic Illustrations of components(a)An open loop(b)A closed loop control| 19| 10| CNC Lathe| 21| 11| CNC Grinders| 21| 12| CNC Drilling| 22| 13| CNC Boring machine| 22| 14| Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)| 23| 15| Laser cutting machine tools| 23| 16| Flat bed CNC Lathe| 25| 7| Slant bed CNC Lathe| 25| 18| CNC To ol Turrent| 26| | | | | | | | | | | | | 28| Different tools in Drilling machines| 26| 20| Tool Holders| 27| 21| CNC with Fanuc control| 28| 22| CNC setter| 29| 23| Override Speed setter| 31| 24| CNC Backlash| 32| 25| Sensitive Drilling machine| 37| 26| Radial drilling machine| 38| 27| Up-right Drilling machine| 38| 28| Drill materials| 39| 29| Tool nomenclature| 40| 30| Tool holding devices| 41| 31| Various operations of drilling machines| 42| 32| Counter Boring| 43| 33| Counter sunk| 43| 34| Spot Facing| 43| 35| Hands Taps| 46| 36| Holding Devices| 48| 7| Types of Clamps and C- Clamps| 49| 38| Products used in Aerospace Industry| 49| 39| 5 Axis CNC Milling machine| 50| 3. INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC Numerical control  (NC) refers to the  automation  of  machine tools  that are operated by programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, controlled manually via hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern  computer numerical control  (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the  machining  processes.The program is translated into the appropriate electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine. A CNC machine is an numerical control machine with the added feature of an on board computer. The computer is referred to as the machine control unit (MCU). In modern CNC systems, component design is highly automated using  computer-aided design  (CAD) and  computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that extracts the commands needed to operate a particular machine, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production.Since any component might require the use of a number of different tools-drills, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single â€Å"cell†. The Evolution of NC It was i n 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer of helicopter rotor blades, could not make his templates fast enough. So, he invented a way of coupling computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons used punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the year of another â€Å"Urgent need†. The U. S.Air Material command realized that parts for its planes and missiles were becoming more complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, changes in the drawing were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air Force study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor. In 1951, MIT took over the complete job, and in 1952, the prototype of today’s NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was successfully d emonstrated.The numerical control was originated at MIT. Fig:1 Fig:2 CNC MACHINES CNC stands for Computer Numerically Controlled. CNC refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of controlling movement, e. g. , a CNC machine uses a stream of digital information (code) from a computer to move motors and other positioning systems in order to guide a spindle or other tooling over raw material. A CNC machine uses mathematics and coordinate systems to understand and process information about what to move, to where, and how fast.Most CNC machines are able to move in three controlled directions at once. These directions are called axes and are given simple names such as X, Y and Z (based on the Cartesian Co-ordinate System). The X axis is always the longest distance a machine or a part of a machine must travel. X may be the movement from front to back, Y the movement from left to right, and the Z is almost always vertical movement (normally the spindle’s positioning movement up and down). Superior Machinery sells many types of CNC Machines, from CNC Horizontals, CNC Verticals to CNC Lathes; they have over 182 CNC Machines to choose from.A CNC machine must be able to communicate with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit sends position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they have acted correctly to move the machine a given distance. The ability of CNC machines to move in three (or more) directions at once allows them to create almost any desired pattern or shape. All of this processing happens very fast, accurately and consistently. 4. HISTORY Fig:3 In 1775, John Wilkinson- cannon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- milling machine. In 1947, Mr.John Parsons began experimenting for using 3-axis curvature data to control the machine tool motion for the production for aircraft components. In 1949, parsons- first NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, after refine ments NC became available in industry . Today, modern machineries are CNC milling machines and lathes. CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950? s for the US Air Force by metalworking machine tool builders. It was a major advance in the ability of machines to faithfully reproduce complex part machining steps more accurately without human intervention or variability.Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools that have revolut ionized the machining processes.In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools-drills, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single â€Å"cell†.In other cases, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design. Proliferation of CNC The price of computer cycles fell drastically during the 1960s with the widespread introduc tion of useful minicomputers. Eventually it became less expensive to handle the motor control and feedback with a computer program than it was with dedicated servo systems.Small computers were dedicated to a single mill, placing the entire process in a small box. PDP-8? s and Data General Nova computers were common in these roles. The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s further reduced the cost of implementation, and today almost all CNC machines use some form of microprocessor to handle all operations. The introduction of lower-cost CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number f machining steps that required human action have been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and quality have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automatio n reduced the frequency of errors and provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation also allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the time required to change the machine to produce different components.During the early 1970s the Western economies were mired in slow economic growth and rising employment costs, and NC machines started to become more attractive. The major U. S. vendors were slow to respond to the demand for machines suitable for lower-cost NC systems, and into this void stepped the Germans. In 1979, sales of German machines surpassed the U. S. designs for the first time. This cycle quickly repeated itself, and by 1980 Japan had taken a leadership position, U. S. sales dropping all the time. Once sitting in the #1 position in terms of sales on a top-ten chart consisting entirely of U. S. ompanies in 1971, by 1987 Cincinnati Milacron was in 8th place on a chart heavily dominated by Japanese firm s. Many researchers have commented that the U. S. focus on high-end applications left them in an uncompetitive situation when the economic downturn in the early 1970s led to greatly increased demand for low-cost NC systems. Unlike the U. S. companies, who had focused on the highly profitable aerospace market, German and Japanese manufacturers targeted lower-profit segments from the start and were able to enter the low-cost markets much more easily. As computing and networking evolved, so did direct numerical control (DNC).Its long-term coexistence with less networked variants of NC and CNC is explained by the fact that individual firms tend to stick with whatever is profitable and their time and money for trying out alternatives is limited. This explains why machine tool models and tape storage media persist in grandfathered fashion even as the state of the art advances. 5. CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS A typical CNC system consists of the following six elements. 1 Part program 2 Program inpu t device 3 Machine control unit 4 Drive system 5 Machine tool 6 Feedback system Fig:4 6. WORKING OF CNC MACHINES:CNC machines are Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer software. The tool or material moves. Tools can operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations. Movement is controlled by a motor (actuators). Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) Closed loop. Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically. Tool Paths and Cutting   Motions:Tool paths describe the route the cutting tool takes. Motion can be described as point to point, or contouring. Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e. g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and work piece move in relation to each other. Expressed in IPM (inches per minu te) Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth, material and quality of finish needed. e. g . harder materials need slower feeds and speeds. Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing cuts. Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly when no machining is taking place.Fig:6 Point to Point Tool path Fig:5Contour ToolPath 1. Point to Point tool paths cut following lines 2. Contour tool paths cut follow surfaces Linear Interpolation: (Point to Point) Linear interpolation consist of a programmed point linked together by straight line Fig:7 Circular Interpolation: (Contour) Circular interpolation is the process of programming arcs and circles. Circular interpolation requires endpoints, a feed rate, a center, a radius, and a direction of movement. Block of Information: When running, a part program is interpreted one command line at a time until all lines are completed.Fig:8 N001 G01 X1. 2345 Y. 06789 MO3 N001:Represents the sequence number of the operation G01: Represents linear operation (tool movement) X12345: Will move the tool or table 1. 2345 in. a positive direction along the X axis Y6789:Will move the tool or table 0. 6789 in. along the Y axis M03:Turns spindle on clockwise Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a numerical value. Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. â€Å"G† and â€Å"M† letter addresses O-Program number (Used for program identification)N-Sequence number (Used for line identification) G-Preparatory function X-X axis designation Y-Y axis designation Z-Z axis designation R-Radius designation F-Feed rate designation S-Spindle speed designation H-Tool length offset designation D-Tool radius offset designation T-Tool Designation M-Miscellaneous function G- CODES (Preparatory Functions) which cause some movement of the machine table or head. G00 – Rapid Movement G01- Linear Interpo lation (movement) G02- Circular Interpolation, CW G03- Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 -XY Plane,G18- XZ Plane,G19 -YZ Plane G20/G70 -Inch unitsG21/G71 -Metric Units G40- Cutter compensation cancel G41 -Cutter compensation right G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G44- Tool length compensation (minus) G49-Tool length compensation cancel G80-Cancel canned cycles G81-Drilling cycle G82-Counter boring cycle G83-Deep hole drilling cycle G90-Absolute positioning G91- Incremental positioning M-CODES (Miscellaneous) which turn ON or OFF different functions M00 -Program stop M01 -Optional program stop M02 -Program end M03- Spindle on clockwise M04 -Spindle on counterclockwise M05- Spindle stop M06- Tool change . BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING Part programming contains geometric data about the part and motion information to move the cutting tool with respect to the worpiece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks contain ing commands to set machine parameters; speed, feed and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N135 G01 X1. 0 Y1. 0 Z0. 125 T01 F5. 0 These define: N135-Block number G01-G codes X1. 0, Y1. 0, Z0. 125-Coordinates T01-Tool number F5. 0-Special function Programming Methods Automatically Programmed Tools (APT):A text based system in which a programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define the overall part geometry locations. These features are then used to generate a cutter location (CL) file. Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems-Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems: CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid development and modifying of designs and documentation. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering analysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on.Drives of CNC machine tool Hydraulic actuator – high power machine tool Stepping motor – small machine due to limited power and torque DC motor – excellent speed regulation, high torque, most widely used. 8. PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES Based on Motion Type: Motion control – the heart of CNC: Point-to-Point or Continuous path Based on Control Loops: Open loop or Closed loop Based on Power Supply: Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System: Incremental or Absolute Point-to-Point Tool Movements: Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to that point only.The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it is moving. Examples: drilling, reaming, punching, boring and tapping. Fig:9 Continuous-Path Tool Movements : Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any angle, milling Fig:10 Arcs and lathe turning. Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movem ent: Schematic illustration of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. 9. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES * Lathe Machine * Milling Machine Drilling Machine -The bench drill -The pillar drill * Boring Machine * Grinding Machine CNC Mills: These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights. CNC Lathes: They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast ,precision cuts using Indexable tools and drills with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes.They often include 12 tool holder sand coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear. Fig:11 CNC Grinders: Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced . Fig:12 CNC DRILLING: Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used to create or enlarge holes. The bench drill: For drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill: A larger version that stands upright on the floor.As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Fig:13 CNC Boring: Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindirical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine. Fig:14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM): Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (. 0008 to . 012in. ) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw.Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire. Fig:15 Laser Cutting Machines: The machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces. Specific tools to perform different Operations: Fig:16Fig:17 CNC lathe machine tool turret is part of the CNC machine where all tooling is mounted. CNC lathe tool turret has an integral Disk like part (Tool turret disk) on which all the tools are mounted.CNC lathe tool turret is mounted on the x-axis carriage. Fig:18 Slant Bed CNC Lathe / Flat Bed CNC Lathe On some CNC lathe machines x-axis carriage with the tool turret is located behind the spindle (such cnc lathe machines are called  slant bed cnc lathe machines) and on other cnc lathe it is located at the front (as normal lathe machines) such cnc lathe machines are called  flat bed cnc lathe machine. T he below is a Slant Bed CNC Lathe Machine. Fig:19 Fig:20 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Tool Capacity: Tool capacity for cnc lathe machines varies machine to machine.Small CNC lathe machines normally comes with a tool turret capacity of 4 or 8 tools stations. Bigger and  heavy CNC lathe machines tool turrets are big and heavy and accordingly will hold more tools such as 12 or more. Fig:21 Tool Holder: Tool holder is the actual part which fastens   the tool to the cnc lathe tool turret Disk. Tool holder size also depends upon the cnc lathe tool turret size, heavy CNC late machine tool turret comes with with big bore for tool holders such as 50 mm diameter. For the small tool turret this might be 40 mm diameter or, less to suit the tool to hold.Fig:22 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Rotation CNC lathe tool turret rotates with the cnc program commands. Normally a letter â€Å"T† is used to call a tool in the working position. The tool rotation is dependent on cnc lathe machine. Some cnc lathe tool turret rotate in one direction (CW or CCW ). Some cnc lathe tool turret rotates both directions, such tool turret direction is optimized for the nearest tool station. Some cnc lathe give full control over tool call up, you can call by optimized direction or you can call tool by rotating tool turret by CW direction or CCW.Tool Offset in CNC Lathe with Fanuc Control Fig:23 There are variety of cnc machines in the market, and almost every cnc machine in a  cnc workshop  has different kind of cnc machine controls if controls are not different they might have different versions of the same cnc machine control. As the operating of different cnc machines controls is very much different from one another the same way  Tool Offsetting  is very much different. Here I will discuss the cnc tool measurement on Fanuc. Tool Offset Setting on Fanuc TCSome cnc machines has some kind of built-in mechanism of tool-offsetting, this built-in mechanisn of tool-offsetting makes adding new tool s are changing existing tools a breeze, because you just tie-up the tool in the tool-post on the  cnc machine tool-turret  and just perform the procedure the cnc machine manufacture has given in the cnc machine operating and setting manual. The  Fanuc  controls such as Fanuc TC has this capability, Just tie up tool in the tool turret and perform a simple procedure and everything is done. The tool offsetting procedure might be different from version to version, But on Fanuc TC this procedure is simple as under.For tool offsetting of a new tool just tie up the tool in the tool post and in  MDI (Manual Data Input) Mode  call up the tool in the working position by entering the command T1, the T is for tool call up and 1 is tool number if you have your tool on another position you might change that with that tool number. Now change the cnc machine to Jog Mode and touch the tool cutting point to the finished component (already gripped in cnc machine jaws) face and bring the To ol-Geometry page and enter under the tool number the command MZ0 this command will clear any previous values and will measure the current tool’s tool-offset in Z-axis.Now touch the tool to a  known-diameter  on the component and again in the tool-geometry page enter the command MX50 you can enter the measured diameter value instead of 50. This way now we have calculated the tool-measurement on the Fanuc TC cnc machine control. CNC Dry Run Invaluable Tool for CNC Setter: Fig:24 It shows the power and the flexibility the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers give a  cnc machine setter  by integrating the Dry Run  on cnc machines. On some cnc machines the Dry Run is added as a  CNC Machine Mode  like Fanuc.On Fanuc cnc control you just select the Dry Run mode and cnc machine is now in Dry Run Mode. Introduction of Dry Run for CNC Machines Setting a new component on a cnc machine is not an easy job. You have to go through many important tasks like cnc machine zero offsetting (cnc machine shift value setting),tool offsetting of tools  used on cnc machine etc. Now if you have completed these all tasks, now comes the time to run the cnc program for the first time, A really crucial and time consuming cnc task. A small negligence might be cause of an accident on cnc machine (tool breakage etc. . To make the first run easy and safe the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers provide us a way by which we can easily control the tools feed with  feed override. So now the cnc setter is a bit easy because he can now run all the tools with a  Safe Feed. Now cnc setter easily can lower the tool feed when he feels the tool is entering a bit danger zone, and easily can increase the tool feed (to a rapid feed) when the tool is away from the component (so the time not go wasted with lower feed when tool is away from component).In Dry Run all the cnc blocks whether those are starting with G00 or G01 and other  G-code  like G02/G03 run with the same feed, which is controlled through Feed Override. On Fanuc the feed override is controlled through  Handwheel  after feed override button press, and there also exists a Rapid Feed Button which if pressed during Dry Run Mode the cnc machine program block will run with Rapid Feed. One point must be cleared for Fanuc control is that feed override also works in  Auto Mode and Single Block Mode  but in such modes the feed override only controls G01/G02/G03 like G-code.But feed override will not control the G00 (Rapid Traverse). But in Dry Run Mode all the cnc program will run with the feed which is controlled through Feed Override. An introduction to cnc machine speed override and feed override controls and safety instructions which must be adhere to while working with cnc machine feed and speed override. CNC Machine Speed Override / Feed Override Introduction Normally you program the speed and feed this way, N10 G97 S1000 G95 F0. 3 Fig:25Now for on e reason or other you want to increase or decrease the speed or feed of the cnc machine  for some time, you definitely have a way to just alter the  cnc machine program, but there is one more suitable solution the Feed Override and Speed Override Controls. The feed override and speed override are  the most suitable and handy way to control the  cnc machine feed and speed through cnc control panel. You control the speed and feed in percentage. When the feed override  is 100% the actually feed  which is programmed will be active.But if the feed override  is 50% then the feed  will decrease by that ratio, now the machine tools will run with 50% of feed. So if you  have programmed 0. 5 mm/rev feed then with 100% the 0. 5 will be active, but for 50%  feed override the actually tool feed will be 0. 25 mm/rev. The same rule applies for speed override, for 100% the actual programmed speed will be active and spindle will revolve  with the actual programmed speed. But  at 50% speed  override the spindle speed will drop by 50%. Feed Override Speed Override Minimum Maximum Values: Normally you can control speed override and feed override from 0% to 120%.At 0% speed override the spindle will stop rotating, and at 0% feed override the tool will stop working ( the tool will be stationary ). No doubt  120% feed  override and speed override is just  safe. But some cnc machines give even more flexibility I  have worked on a cnc machine which has its feed override 0% to 200%. Normal cnc machine has just 0% to 120% feed  override and speed override. Speed Override and Feed Override Safety Precautions Whenever handling the speed override and feed override always think about safety, safety of yourself, tool, machine, component and your surroundings.Never try to use the speed override and feed override if you don’t need it. Because when cnc programs are made the speed and feed is properly set for the machined component. The increase in feed or speed might break insert or even tool. CNC Backlash CNC Troubleshooting, In this category we will see the cnc machine from a different view (cnc machine maintenance), your feedback will really matter, and I hope you will share you knowledge and experience. I will talk about the  CNC  Backlash  which is found in cnc machine axis. * what is cnc backlash, * cnc backlash causes, * when to worry about cnc backlash, how to measure backlash, * How to resolve and compensate cnc backlash through hardware and cnc control software. Fig:26 *What is CNC Backlash? CNC Backlash is any kind of play which is found in cnc machine axis. or you might say, CNC Backlash  is non-movement of the cnc axis which occurs on axis reversal. *Causes of CNC Backlash? This play (backlash) might be due to * Clearance which is kept in mechanical parts to reduce friction. * As mechanical parts get loose with time. * As with time mechanical parts keep moving and rubbing each other and after long time they l ose their actual shape and size. CNC Backlash Is already there A cnc machine axis move due to their  Lead Screw  and  Lead Screw Nut. There is always kept a very minor backlash in the lead screw and lead screw nut to reduce damage and wear. *CNC Backlash When to Worry It is good if your cnc machine axis backlash is near 0. 0001? but not always possible, so 0. 0003? to 0. 0004? is acceptable. But if the amount of play in the lead screw and nut crosses this limit then there is the time to worry, and call up you mechanical maintenance guys. CNC Backlash How to Measure?CNC machine backlash can be measure with a  Dial Indicator  attached to an Adjustable Stand. Put the stand on the cnc bed and direct the needle (plunger) of the dial indicator towards the axis which you want to measure. 1. Set the dial needle to 0. 0mm (zero). 2. Now move the axis in one direction 0. 5mm. Dial indicator should show 0. 5mm travel. 3. Now reverse the same axis 0. 5mm. If your dial indicator now go es back to 0. 0mm, then everything is okay. But otherwise, if on reversal the dial lags behind, then the amount the dial lags behind is the backlash.CNC Backlash How to Resolve? ( Backlash Compensation ) Now you have two choices the hardware way and software way to resolve cnc backlash. You first better choose the hardware way, because normally backlash is due to lead screw or lead screw nut wear, so better resolve the issue by tightening them a bit if they are loose than required, there are plenty of other hardware ways to cope with backlash. CNC controls also give us the ability to control (compensate) cnc backlash through their parameters. CNC Backlash Compensation through CNC Control Parameters How Much Successful?The better advice is that you resolve the issue by changing the lead screw (if possible) or lead screw nut, or just tightening them if they are loose might work, but otherwise CNC control parameters can be changed to compensate backlash, the cnc lathe machine I work on with fanuc control has the 0. 012mm set in its parameters as the backlash compensation for x-axis and z-axis. So such values can be changed to resolve the backlash issue. 10. DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC MACHINES Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill. Drilling Machine It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole. Types 1) Based on construction: Portable, Sensitive, Radial, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle 2) Based on Feed: Hand driven ,Power driven Components of drilling machine:Spindle The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. Sleeve The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it’s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution. ColumnThe column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. Head The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. Worktable The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to al low long pieces to be end or angle drilled. BaseThe base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table. Hand Feed The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to â€Å"feel† the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.Power feed The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium du ty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using t –bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth –stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine * This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch of sensitive drilling machine. * The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height. * The table can also be swung to any desired position. * At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle. * Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator. * Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.Fig:27 Up-Right Drilling Machine * These are medium heavy duty machines. * It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig. 2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine. * This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device. * Table can move vertically and radially. * Drill holes up to 50mm Fig:28 Radial Drilling Machine * It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces. Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type. * The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig. 3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine. * The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor. * The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the co lumn. * The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill bit.A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power. * Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism. Drill Materials The two most common types are 1. HSS drill- Low cost 2. Carbide- tipped drills – high production and in CNC machines Other types are: Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig. 4 shows various types of drills. Drill fixed to the spindle Fig:30 Tool Nomenclature: Fig. 31 Nomenclature of twist drill Tool holding devices Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the different work holding and drill drift device.The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are * By directly fitting in the spindle hole. * By using drill sleeve * By using drill socket * By using drill chuck Fig:32 Drilling operations: Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are * Drillin g * Reaming * Boring * Counter boring * Countersinking * Tapping Drilling: It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool called ‘Drill’. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine. Reaming: Reaming is accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing hole.Multi tooth cutting tool. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Boring: Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Fig. 33 Various operations on drilling machine Counter Bore :- This operation uses a pilot to guide the cutting action to accommodate the heads of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot facing processes. Countersink:-Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate the screws. Cone angles of 60 °, 82 °, 90 °, 100 °, 110 °, 120 ° Fig. 34 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing Drilling  machines are tools that have a rotating, cutting component at one end that bores holes into different materials. There are several types of  drilling  machines that may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including woodworking, construction,  masonry, metalworking, medicine, oil  drilling, and many other fields. Common drills include the hand drill, push drill, pistol-grip drill, hammer drill, and  drill press.In addition to making holes, drills are often used to push screws into wood, metal, plastic, rock, or composites. The hand drill and push drill are both manually operated  drilling  machines that have been largely replaced by power drills. A hand drill works by turning a crank that rotates gears, which cause the chuck to turn. The chuck is the component of the  drilling  machine  that holds the bit, or the end cutting piece. The push drill is a skinny tool resembling a screwdriver with a handle that can be pushed down on a threaded shaft, or a pole with helical ridging.As the handle is pushed down along threading, the shaft, chuck, and bit spins downward, much like pumping a toy metal top. Pistol-grip drills are the most commonly used  drilling  machines. These are corded electric drills that are typically shaped roughly like a pistol, with a trigger switch that starts a motor inside the drill. The motor causes the chuck and bit to spin in continuous revolutions. These drilling  machines may be used to make holes for bolts or other purposes, to push screws into wood, plastic, or other materials, and to bore countersinks.A  countersink  is a screw-shaped hole that is made before the screw is drilled in, preventing splintering or pulling of the plastic or wood around the head of the screw. A pistol-grip drill is also available in a battery-powered, cordless version , though they are usually more expensive. There are many different types of this drill and several indications for use. It is also possible to adapt the drill with an attachment, such as sanding or sawing components. A hammer drill, also called a rotary hammer, is similar to a pistol-grip drill, but also applies a punching motion to complement the rotational action of the bit.This hammering, forward force makes it useful for tougher materials, such as concrete or stone, that standard electric drills cannot cut through. For softer materials, however, the hammer drill may apply excessive force and a standard drill may be a better choice. A drill press is a type of drill that may stand on the floor or be mounted on a workbench. The base of the  machine  is bolted to the table or floor and a column rises up from the base to support the back of the head of the drill. The column also supports a table that can be adjusted in height between the head and the base.The spindle, a metal com ponent that holds the chuck and drill bit, extends downward from the front of the head, parallel to the column. A larger distance between the spindle and column allows wood with a larger width to be drilled. An â€Å"on† switch triggers the spindle to spin and levers attached to the head of the drill press move the spindle and chuck to move up or down. These  drilling  machines are suited for accurate  drilling, because the bit is fixed and the work can be secured to the table with clamps or a vise. ————————————————- Types Of Drill BitsDrill bits are tools used in making cylindrical holes. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Drill bits are equipments or tools that are used in making cylindrical holes. Drill bits can also be referred to as a drilling machine. Drill bits are available in various drill types such as metal drills, gun dril ls, screw machine drills, core drills, step drills, spade drills, forstner drills, masonry drills, dental or surgical drills, wood bits, twist drills, drill blank taper drills and much more. They are designed to cut while doing a clockwise rotating motion. Several drill bits are coolant fed.They contain a channel or hole for directing the coolant fed near to the cutting edges. The split point drill heads of drill bits are used for chip clearance and for excellent centering. Drill bits can also be used in cutting aluminum, general-purpose metals, brass, copper, bronze, ceramic, and plastic, stainless steel, steel, wood, titanium and hardened materials. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Listed below are some types of Drill Bits. Twist Drill: It drills holes in plastic, metal and wood. This drill is currently produced with a width covering a range from 0. 5 millimeters to 100 millimeters while its length is around 1000 millimeters. The most usual twist drill has a tip angle of 118 degrees. This is a proper angle for an extensive array of job. It also has a long series drill for extended length twist drills. It is not advisable to drill deep holes using this twist drill. Diamond Drill Bit: This particular drill is used in the bathroom for updating or remodeling. It is also used in redesigning your kitchen decoration. Furthermore, it is used on ceramic, glass, tile, limestone, stained glass, marble, fiberglass, porcelain, stone, slate and porcelain tile.When using this drill, the main concern is to obtain water at the edge of the drill bit. Drilling fiberglass may be done with or without water but make sure that the fiberglass has ample amount of water just to get the drill wet. Indexable Drill Bit: This provides an excellent performance in making short-hole drillings. Stainless steel is drilled 3x in diameter and only a short-hole must be done. Listed below are some other types of drill bits Adjustable Bit: This is built with a changeabl e cutter blade to bore holes of various sizes. It is also used for drilling gaps for wiring or piping.Around-the-corner bit: It is used to cut arched holes that are stretched in corners with a diagonal cutting surface. Auger Bits: This drill creates drill holes in wooden materials. The drill ends have a screw head so that the bits may be self fed. Brad-point drill: This drill looks almost the same as the usual bits but it has sharpened point to make wood drilling a lot easier. This drill has cleaner holes other than spade bits. Counterbore: The drill allows a screw to be driven under the wood outside. The holes that are drilled may be filled with a plug or wire.Drill Saw Bit: It is used to cut holes such as wood and metal and can enlarge current holes. Countersink: A drill that has an angled tip design that forms a â€Å"slump† in the screw head. Fly cutter: This one is often used to cut circles in wood and other soft metals. The diameter of circles may be adjusted by changin g the cutter blade setting. Hole saw: It cut holes from one to six centimeters in diameter and has a center bit for directing the cutting blade edge of the saw. Reamer bit: The tapered bit of reamer may be used on existing holes rather than to enlarge holes.Screw pilot bit: This beautiful bit is used for drilling body holes. A pilot hole is used along with the countersink. Wire Brushes: It use to remove rust and to clean up metal and is available either as a wheel or a cup with wire brush. Plastic bit: This is designed with a tip so as to prevent splintering when drilling plastic. It is important to reduce the speed and slowly drill the other side of the plastic. Plug cutter: Use this to remove cylindrical shapes from the wood. It covers the screw using a small cylindrical plate. Tapping:- Tapping is the process by which internal threads are formed.It is performed either by hand or by machine. Minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done. Fig. 11 show the tapping processes. Fig. 35 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench Fig. 36 Various operations performed on drilling machine Work Holding Devices 1. Machine Table Vice: The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece. The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice. The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360 ° on a horizontal plane. Fig:37 1.Step Blocks These are built to allow height adjustment for mounting the drilling jobs and are used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts. 2. Clamps These are small, portable vises , which bears against the work piece and holding devices. Common types of clamps are C-clamp, Parallel clamp, machine strap clamp, U-clamp etc.. Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of mounting the work piece. Fig:38 11. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES ? cutting ? drilling ? milling ? welding ? boring ? bending ? spinning ? pinning ? gluing ? sewing ? routing Its application in some industries like -Automotive Industry Aerospace Industry -Machinery Industry -Electrical Industry -Instrumentation Industry Automotive Industry Different Products Fig:39 Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine Fig:40 12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC -Ease of Use ? CNC machines are easier for beginners ? Operation of several CNC machines at same time ? Some CNC machines don’t need any operator indeed call their operator in case of the emergencies. High Efficiency ? operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Expanding Options ? Expand the machine's capabilities with SoftwareChanges and updates. No Prototyping ? new programmers provide elimination build a prototype, save time and money. Precision ? Parts are identical to each other. Reduce Waste ? Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted Material. Disadvantage of CNC Machines Cost CNC machinery: ? costs quite a lot m ore than conventional machinery. ? Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. ? Expensive to repair. 13. CONCLUSION CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing. manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time. CNC machines provide many advantages. Many industries prefer using CNC machines.

Week Assignment

It is important that organizations implement a monitoring system to insure that employees are learning on the job. Just because employees are educated in a classroom does not mean that they have the knowledge to do the tasks efficiently and effectively as possible. Knowledge comes from experience of performing daily tasks and as the employees achieve more experience on the job the greater the knowledge they will gain (Carving, 2000). Most employees want to achieve the greatest success in life and at work.It is important that organizations find ways to compliment the employees successes through a reward or incentive program that will reinforce positive learning. Managers need to find ways to follow-up with employees on what they have learned and this can be accomplished through employee evaluations and refresher training on a periodic basis. Keeping the employee in the know is also a very important element. The employee needs to have the understanding that what is expected of them thr ough goal setting and timeliness.If an employee has a guide of expectations it will assist the management team to understand if the employee is acquiring knowledge at the standard rate. Managers have to now when employees are not gaining knowledge. Knowledge management is more than just placing an employee in a job and asking a co-worker to train them. In a knowledge management environment the manager may find that an employee with many years of experience was never properly trained. This failure in appropriate training may be costing the employee efficiency or quality.To get the greatest rewards from all of the company's assets it is important to understand the overall value of the asset. If employees are top of the organizations assets it is important to get the greatest return on the investment. Employees must work in a positive culture and positive environment. Employees will learn at a faster rate if the culture and environment that they are working in is a positive environment . If other employees step-up to give new employees direction or find ways to assist with mentoring employees the organization will achieve higher levels of success.Managers must understand that to build the greatest teams it takes a level of knowledge of how the game is played. Managers can not just throw employees into work they must give employees the opportunity to learn the task and the job. There must be a high level of profitable learning through a sharing process. Employees need the time to interact and feel they are an important element to the team in which they work. The results of the team will be much greater if the knowledge is spread throughout the whole organization.According to Rummies (2002) knowledge management is a systematic process by which knowledge needed for an organization to succeed is created, captured, shared and leveraged. Managers must monitor the knowledge levels in every employee and insure that each employee is learning at a positive rate. To achieve the greatest success knowledge management must be enforced for organizations to succeed. This is why through economical uncertainty it is important that organizations implement and manage how knowledge is evolved. Week Assignment At this time the heroin turns to a sticky liquid ND wriggles around on the foil like a Chinese dragon. Fumes are given off and it is inhaled sometimes through a rolled up newspaper, magazine or some kind of tube. There are â€Å"two-thirds of all heroin users chase the dragon; chasing the dragon is less of a health risk than people using needles. † (Cools, J. , 1 992) When a person shoots up everything goes straight into the blood stream: entrust heroin but also anything the heroin has been cut with and any other toxic substances. Chasing the dragon means no toxic substances will directly get into a person's bloodstream.The inhaling of iron fumes would enter the lungs where the blood vessels would absorb the heroin. What is the problem? Besides health problems, heroin causes many problems in society; families can be broken, relationships heroin could cause domestic violence, child abuse, and risk of sexually transmitted diseases. According to studies, â€Å"show that surprisi ngly, poor people spend a greater percentage of money on acquiring drugs than middle-class and upper-class people. † (Rehabs, 201 5) What are the individual and social implications of this problem?The nature of social environmental factors influence on substance abuse is unclear. A longitudinal study was undertaken to determine the relative power of social network and neighborhood characteristics to predict continuing illicit drug use. † (Schroeder, PhD, Latin, PhD, Hoover, PhD, Curry, MS, Knowles, Sad, & Celebrant, Sad, 2000) The medical and social consequences of drug heroin are, â€Å"hepatitis, HIVE/AIDS, fetal effects, crime, violence, and disruptions in family, workplace and educational environments have a devastating impact on society and costs billions of dollars each year N. 2014) What do the experts say about the problem? The impact of heroin use is an issued all cross the United States, heroin being identified as the most or one of the most drug abuses that h as affected regions coast to coast. Heroin is extremely addictive no matter how a person uses it, injection and smoking increases the risk of addiction. Once a person becomes addicted to heroin it takes control of their lives. What have we, as a society, done about this problem? One Of things our society is trying to do is creating a drug-free society, however there has never been drug-free society in our history of civilization.The majority of Americans agree that the drug war is not working. Therefore our society has come up with three simple solutions; â€Å"offer treatment to people who wants help with their drug addiction, leave people alone who don't want or need treatment, and continue to hold people responsible for their crimes that harm others. â€Å"(Newman, T. , 2014) How are public policies and other, less formal responses working? Heroin overdoses is happening every. Inhere around me. The public policies such as addict who wants help must enter a treatment center.Howe ver, if the heroin addict really doesn't want help, going into a treatment center will not work at all. In Northern Kentucky, â€Å"our hospital SST. Elizabeth has a new program to provide Malone kits for heroin ODD victims, the hospital is expecting to get at least 600 of the kits. † (Filcher, J. , 2015) This kit may save lives, but it wont stop a person from using heroin. Describe an alternative solution to the problem and effective response to Heroin. Kentucky Senate panel approves anti- heroin bill after hearing an emotional testimony.In January, 2015 the Senate Bill 5 was approved to help Kentucky deadly heroin epidemic. One of things that was on that bill was â€Å"permitting police officers, firefighters, and aromatics to carry and administer Malone, a drug that can reverse the effects of a heroin overdose, without any civil or criminal liability. † (Chives, J. 201 5) Conclude with your thoughts about your chosen social problem. My thoughts in regards to heroin may not be a solution but a question instead. Heroin is everywhere, it could be a person spouse, sibling, child, niece, nephew and their cousin, heroin doesn't care who it is a devil drug.There is so much information out there telling people or even showing people what would happen to them if they used heroin. Does that stop them no? My nephew seven or eight years ago, used to be bull rider. He was hit in the face by the bull's head which caused my nephew a lot of pain, and a plate inside the right part of his face. His doctor had him on Concoction for pain medication which caused him to get addict to this drug. When the doctor took him off cold turkey and weaning him off, sadly the only relieve he had was finding another drug to help with the pain and the withdrawals. That is when heroin took over his life.He has been in out of county and state institutions, plus rehab centers after rehab centers and continues after few months of being release, he has overdose once again on heroin. When the devil drug calls out your name, the addict will come. Of course just like anybody else that has a love one, hopes they never used again, but now after my nephew had done it so many times, it's hard to hope when you know it isn't going to help. My solution for my nephew and any other addict being released from rehab, find something to occupy your time. I have tried to encourage my nephew to become a drug counselor, and he won't even consider it.

The Contribution of Enterprize Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Contribution of Enterprize Systems - Essay Example Effective implementation and use of enterprise systems enables an organisation to react instantaneously to orders from customers. These could be orders for products or information. Because ES avails data on order, manufacturing and delivery, it enables a company to produce only what customers have ordered and also to procure the correct amount of raw materials or components to fill actual orders. It also enables the company to stage production, reduce the time that finished products or components are in inventory. In terms of management, ES enables the senior management of an organisation to determine which organisational products are least or most profitable. At any one time, ES enables them to find out with much ease how a particular unit of the organization is performing. ES also helps the organisation on how to react to delayed shipment from suppliers. ES facilitates operational excellence in supply chain management (SCM). This applies to companies that produces a wide range of products and services hence it could have hundreds of suppliers (Laudon and Laudon, 2010). In a SC, ES enables the company to coordinate activities between the many manufacturing plants and suppliers, retail outlets, distribution centres and firms involved on in way or another in the production of their products. It leads to the provision of untimely and inaccurate information and this prevents inefficiencies in the SC, excessive inventory of finished goods and underutilised plant capacities. It also reduces the bullwhip effect. Enterprise applications involve pieces of software that are complex and expensive to purchase and implement. It might therefore take a company many years to complete the implementation of large-scale ES applications. The cost incurred for the implementation of ES in a large firm might amount to 4-5 times the initial software purchase price. These include software, consulting fees,

Political Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Environment - Case Study Example A good political environment such as political stability is conducive to business because it meant that business can operate unhampered. Its factories can work without disruption and its employees can go to work any issue, therefore, the business can operate smoothly when there is a political stability. A bad political environment such as political instability, on the other hand, is a bad macroeconomic environment for business. We can take the recent issue about Egypt’s coup’d etat where the military took over the government and the people protesting it. News of military crackdowns is everywhere and conflict happens every day. This is bad for business because it cannot operate smoothly. Moreso when it is in the Middle East where the majority of the oil in the world is produced. In the case of political instability in Egypt, oil prices rose up above the $100 because Egypt controls the Suez Canal where most oil cargo passes through such as what is reported in the article â€Å"Oil prices rise above $100 post-Egyptian military's coup d'etat† (Business Standard, 2013). This uncertainty that oil may not reach their destination or may be entangled in the conflict sends anxiety in the market that its price shot up. And this price hike in oil has ripple negative effect in business in general and for us consumers because all industry is dependent on power which needs oil. When the input of the price of oil shots up, the price of the products and services will naturally increase making everything expensive.

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Talking Styles - Research Paper Example A person can be whoever one can be in written form. One can be as strong as Superman or even as glamorous as Elizabeth Taylor. What is written though at times are not the same with regards to the real world. With the latter stated, the Language Style Matching website would not be as accurate as one would want it to be. Comparing two different written materials on the website would be as accurate as how the site was programmed to be. There are guidelines that the program follows so that there can be a sort of comparison. However, there are still loopholes in websites like these as there are not much literary works and writing styles are stored in its program as basis on how related written materials are. According to Bower (2010), "Language-style matching diminished as each relationship soured. Notable declines occurred when Jung left Freuds psychoanalytic group, when Elizabeth Barrett welcomed deaths approach while her husband dreaded it and when Plath and Hughes marriage fell apart." In this passage, even the writer himself is aware that there would be differences which will come out between writers and their works as time passes by. There is no definite guarantee that writing styles would stay as it was from one article to another. Interpersonal relationships rely on how people would interact as a whole and not just by a persons writing style. There are those types of person who would be very aggressive when they write yet very timid when it comes to spoken interactions. Some of them on the other hand would be really aggressive on their physical interaction yet would find it difficult to express their feelings and thoughts through written words. Language style matching could play a helpful act in preparing people in expressing their thoughts and emotions. This is just a step to start a form of interaction between people. One way of breaking the ice as people would say. An author can be as

Food Safety In Global Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Safety In Global Markets - Essay Example Last year, the United States reported as many as seventy-five million instances where individuals became sick because of food-borne illness. One of the prominent issues related to food-borne illness in world markets is that the nature of globalized trade has demonstrated has brought a multitude of diseases in contact with populations that had never been exposed to them. An important impact of these occurrences is that in developing appropriate measures to slow the damage of these diseases, it’s necessary for not merely countrywide restrictions to be developed, but an increased emphasis on globalized cooperation between trading countries (Venter). In terms of the impact of food-borne illness in global markets, it’s clear a number of aspects need to be assessed. One of the most pervasive such considerations is the means of how biotechnology can work to reduce the frequency of food-borne illnesses. Ultimately, while it’s been argued that while biotechnology can prov ide a significant response to food-borne diseases, proper measures and restrictions must be agreed upon internationally to ensure proper implication (‘Food safety and food-borne illness’). References ‘Food safety and food-borne illness’ WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/ Venter, T. Van. Emerging food-borne diseases: a global responsibility.

Ethical Dilema Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Dilema - Assignment Example In the case that the child does not agree on the verdict being declared by the court, then it is the responsibility of the court to reassess their verdict and reevaluate the certain dilemma for a possible solution to the problem. In a rule-based approach, the court needs to reassess the laws in relation to the current case. According to the Kermani and Weis (1995), biological parents are entitled the power and warrant to raise their own kids; thus, considering one of the government principle which is â€Å"the right of the parents† (p. 261). Nevertheless, some parents are guilty of parental negligence towards their children, and then government agencies have the power to overrule such rights, through court, and take their children away from their custody. However, parents can regain their rights when proven that they have change for the better and best for their children, similar to the case, the biological parent undergo rehabilitation and have the confidence to take back their daughter. Thus, it is every parents right and dream to have an intact and structure family, and it is the responsibility of the government to help them reestablish to what has been broken (Kermani & Weis, 1995; Talbot, 2007). However, in the care-based approach, the court needs to reassess its verdict by considering themselves within the shoes of the child and focusing more to be empathetic rather than being more to the legal based thus considering â€Å"the interest of the child.† In this case, the child has developed an emotional and psychological attachment towards her foster parents and has a hard time detaching from them. It is important for the court to consider the union made between the child and her foster parents rather than breaking the link with each other. Thus, if the court decides to follow the mandated law, then it is also their obligation to help the child adjust with her current situation by not totally breaking the rights of the

Google Analytic and Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google Analytic and Business Intelligence - Essay Example Content group enables the company maximize on its search engine optimization. Monitoring goal conversions enables the company to measure how well the site contributes to its business objectives. Lastly, the e-commerce section contains reports on merchandising and revenue. However, these entire groups only provide the company with data. For actual business intelligence, Google Analytics enables the company cross-reference data from these categories, compare timelines or even compare two metric against each other to help to make sense out of the data (Clicksharpmarketing, 2008). Moreover the derived summaries could be presented in diagrammatic representations and even be shared Google shared with colleagues through email in different formats such as PDF or XML. The extent to which real estate financial organizations could learn from Google Analytics shall only be restricted by their own imagination. That is to say that they could cross-reference data from the five categories: visitors, traffic sources, ecommerce, content and goals to give them a wide breath of information. For example cross-referencing visitors with content real estate financial organization will be able to tell which properties are attracting the most attention as such they could adjust their costing accordingly. Also, traffic sources can inform them of localities having more demand for their services than others which may lead them to open outlets there or vice

The great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The great chain of being - Term Paper Example The hierarchical links defined all the aspects of the community including religion, politics and social scopes. Although there was great resistance to change and the kings fought against distortion the great chain, change was encroaching into this kingdom. The government developed policies that allowed distortion of these systems leading to change in the political, social and religious structures. By the end of the 18th century, it is clear that the change had taken place and the great chain was considerably broken. In this light, the various efforts dedicated to maintain balance failed, paving way for new government structures. In the Tudor dynasty, the great chain of being was a universal hierarchy that was both independent and interdependent. The top of the chain was God, who the people believe to have the greatest power over them and worshipped Him. The spirits and Angels followed in this hierarchy. Among human beings, there were divisions between various categories of people. They were categorized as gentlemen, the citizens and Burgesses, the Yeomen, and the laborers in the order of decreasing power (Bucholz and Key 4-5). As you trespass down the chain, the level of power reduced and the people become more subject to others. This hierarchy also defined the way they passed over power from one generation to the next. For instance, King left their power to their successors while Knights were appointees. The belief that prevailed is that this order was universal and there was no way that it would change. The kings maintained a centralized government structure by vesting all the power on the governance. A c hange of this structure was tantamount to sin and it would lead to imbalance of the hierarchy. With this kind of belief, the system remained fixed and the kings had the responsibility to defend this order and maintain the balance of the chain. The Kings fought against any changes in the formal government